The Key Issues

Under the Directive, only pre-vetted “qualified entities” (e.g., consumer associations) can sue for damages for breaches of consumer rights. Many … Continued

The Directive references the possibility to terminate “manifestly unfounded cases”. However, it does not require a formal, mandatory class certification … Continued

Though Member States must introduce a collective action system compliant with the Directive, they can also introduce or keep other … Continued

The Directive does nothing to resolve complex questions on which courts will have jurisdiction to hear cases, which is especially … Continued